沪版英语课堂笔记(简单句基本句型)
一、主语+不及动词
My head aches. 我头疼。
Everybody laughed. 大家都笑了。
二、主语+连系动词+表语
English is very easy. 英语很容易。
He looks tired. 他看上去是累了。
三、主语+及物动词+直接宾语
She likes the flowers. 她喜欢这些花。
Dad bought a car. 父亲买了辆汽车。
四、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
He told her the news. 他把这消息告诉了她。
He gave me an apple. 他给了我一只苹果。
五、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语
He told me to stay home. 他叫我呆在家里。
The smell made him sick. 这气味使他恶心。
说明：上述各例都简化到了最低限度，在此基础上，我们可以加上一些修饰成分使句子变得更复杂，表达更丰富的内容。如：
In fact, English is very easy to teach. 事实上，英语很容易教。
She likes the flowers very much. 她非常喜欢这些花。
He told her the news on the home. 他把回家的路上这消息告诉了她。
句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型：
1、基本句型的词序：
2、划分符号(没有统一规定,仅供参考)：
3、例句：Jim is working [very hard] [now].（他现在正非常努力地工作。）
She is young. （她年轻。） It looks like rain. （天看上去要下雨。）
The boy [always] kicked the dog [with his feet]. （这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。）
He has [never] bought me a toy [since last year]. （从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具。）
He felt something (cold) 4、英语词类与句子成分关系图： 句子成分词类或短语主语*谓语宾语*表语*定语*状语*宾语 补足语 名词√√√×√√√√√√×√ 代词√√√×√√√√√√√×× 形容词×××√√√√√√×√√ 数词√×√√√√√×√ 动词时态语态形式×√√√××××× 动词不定式√√×√√√√√√√√√ 动名词√√×√√√√√×× 动词现在分词×××√√√√√√√ 动词过去分词×××√√√√√√ 副词×××√√√√√√ 介词短语×××√√√ √√√ [注释] 1、“√”表示某种词类可以充当某个成分, “√√”表示某种词类经常充当某个成分, “√√√”表示某种词类最经常充当某个成分。 “×”表示某种词类不能充当某个成分。 2、“ * ”表示该成分可以由从句充当,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。 沪版英语微测试(10分钟) Choose the best answer: The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago. There are some traditions that you can find almost anywhere, anytime, such as sending birthday cards, blowing out the candles on a birthday cake and singing the ‘Happy Birthday’ song. Others are only found for certain ages and in certain countries. In China, on a child’s second birthday, family members put many things on the floor around the child. According to Chinese tradition, the first thing that the child picks up tells you what profession the child will choose later in life. For Japanese children, the third, fifth and seventh birthdays are especially important. At this age, there is a special celebration Shichi-Go-San (seven, five, three in Japanese) when children go to the temple wearing a new kimono (和服). The priest (僧侣) gives them special sweets, and the parents usually organize a party for their friends in their home. In Argentina, Mexico and several other Latin American countries, girls have a special birthday celebration when they reach the age of fifteen. After a special ceremony (仪式), the girls dance a waltz with their father and other boys. Eighteen is the traditional ‘coming of age’— the age when (in many countries) you have the right to vote (选举), join the army and (in Britain) drink alcohol or buy a house. In many English-speaking countries, a twenty-first birthday cake often has a key on top, or the cake itself is sometimes in the shape of a key. The key means that the young person is now old enough to leave and enter the family home at any time they want to! 84. Which of the following birthday traditions can be found almost anywhere, anytime? A) Putting many things on the floor. B) Wearing a new kimono. C) Dancing a waltz. D) Sending birthday cards. 85. The usually organize a party at children’s special birthday celebration in Japan. A) priests B) parents C) friends D) relatives 86. Mexican girls have a special birthday celebration at the age of . A) five B) seven C) fifteen D) twenty-one 87. eighteen. In many countries you can ________ when you reach the age of A) join the army B) have a key C) have a special ceremony D) have special sweets 88. Which of the following sentences is NOT true? A) The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago. B) Some birthday traditions are only found in certain countries. C) You become the owner of your house at the age of fifteen. D) In many countries you have the right to vote at the age of eighteen. 89. Which is the best title of this passage? A) Birthday Traditions around the World B) Chinese Birthday Celebrations C) Japanese Special Celebration D) The Drinking Age in Many Countries Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage: All about Britain’s Teenagers School British teenagers can leave school at sixteen after taking their GCSE exams. They study for exams in as many as ten subjects, 90 they have to work pretty hard! Today’s teens spend more time doing their homework than any teenagers in the past, studying for 2.5 – 3 hours every evening. Free Time It’s not all work, of course. What do British teenagers do to have 91 ? They love watching TV, going out, meeting friends in Internet cafés and listening to music. Communications In addition to the Internet, teenagers in Britain use their computers to play games and do their homework. They 92 love their mobile phones, and spend hours texting (发短信) their friends and chatting. Today, phones are getting smaller and lighter and you can do a lot more 93 them than just talk. Text messaging has become the coolest and most popular way to communicate. More than 90% of 12- to 16-year-olds have a mobile, and experts say that this stops 94 from spending their money on sweets and cigarettes. Fashion (服饰) At school, almost all British teenagers have to wear a school uniform. However, in their free 95 they can wear whatever they like, and what they like is designer names such as Nike, Diesel and Paul Smith. In fact, 40% of British teens say that they think it is important to have the latest fashion. Looking good doesn’t come 96 , but many teenagers think it usual or easy to spend more than ￡100 on one item of clothing. 90. A) but B) or C) so D) because 91. A) lessons B) sports C) advice D) fun 92. A) never B) already C) also D) no longer 93. A) with B) for C) at D) in 94. A) teachers B) relatives C) friends D) teenagers 95. A) day B) time C) week D) month 96. A) cheap B) expensive C) special D) ordinary 上海英语中考常见知识点 No! It’s too big for me.不！对我来说它太大了。 此句中讲解too的用法。 （1）单个副词too用作修饰词 too用作副词，意为“也、并且、还”，用于肯定句结构中，常位于句末，也可置于句首或紧跟在主语之后，但都常用逗号隔开。 e.g. She plays the piano, and sings, too. 她会弹钢琴，也会唱歌。 注：too, as well, also, either表示“也”用法区别： A. too, as well, also均指句中有关词语与前面提到的事物相结合或相一 致。但这三个词的雅俗程度和句中的位置有所不同。also含有较庄重的色彩，通常用于主要动词之前（但若主要动词是be，则置于其后）。 e.g. He speaks French and he also writes it. 他会说法语，也会写法语。 B. too和as well较为通俗，常用于句末。 e.g. I have read the book and I’ve seen the film, too/as well. 我看过这本书，也看过这部电影。 C. either表示“也”，常用于否定句，置于句末。 e.g. They haven’t phoned and they haven’t written, either. 他们没有来过电话，而且也没有来过信。 （2）too用作副词，意为“太、过分、过度”，在句中用来修饰形容词、副词或 修饰一个由形容词限定的单数名词，构成too + adj. + a/an + 单数名词。在这一结构中，常表示说话人带有一种否定的语气。 e.g. - It’s fine now. Let’s go swimming. - I’m afraid it’s too cold. （3） too用作副词，意为“非常、很”，在句中修饰形容词、副词，相当于very，但语气比very强。 e.g. He is not too well these days. 这几天他身体 May I borrow your book, Jenny 我能借你的书吗，詹妮？ 此句中borrow是“借，借用”的意思，用作动词。borrow, lend, keep用法的辨析： （1） borrow 表示的是从别人那里借来东西，即我们通常所说的“借进来”。 e.g. We often borrow books from our school library. 我们经常从学校图书馆借书。 I borrowed this dictionary from my teacher. 我从老师那儿借来了这本字典。 borrow 是一个瞬间完成的动作，因此不能与时间段连用。 （2）lend 表示的是把自己的东西借给别人，即我们通常所说的“借出去”。 e.g. Thank you for lending me your bike. 谢谢你把自行车借给我。 He often lends money to his brother. 他经常借钱给他弟弟。 lend 与 borrow一样，是一个瞬间完成的动作，不能与一段时间连用 （3） keep 的意思也是“借”，但一般是指借来后的保存或使用阶段，是一段持续的时间，因此可以与时间段连用。 e.g. You can keep my recorder for three days. 我的录音机你可以借用三天。 I have kept this book for only one week. 这本书我才刚借了一星期。 How many pencils do you have 你有多少支铅笔？ （1）how many是“多少,几个”的意思。how many用来修饰可数名词的复数，它的句式是: How many + 复数名词 + 一般疑问句＋ （2）how many的用法 1）对there be句型中主语的数量如:some, five, only one等提问时，如果主语是可数名词，不管主语是单数还是复数一般都用复数形式提问，因为问话人不知道具体的数量是多少，而且many只能接可数名词复数形式，所以be一定要用are.即用how many+可数名词复数+are there+地点/时间状语？的句型结构。 e.g. There is a book on the desk. (用how many改为特殊疑问句) How many books are there on the desk There are seven days in a week. (对划线部分进行提问) How many days are there in a week （3）记忆口诀 how many在句首,名词复数跟着走，一般问句紧相随，其它成分不要丢。 May I have two books, please 我能拿两本书吗？ （1）may表示请求和允许，意思是：“可以”。 e.g. He may come if he likes. 如果他想来，可以来。 May I sit here？我可以坐这儿吗？ 注意：A. may的这种用法，第一人称都以一般问句出现，它的否定回答可用 can’t, mustn’t或may not表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”。 B. May I…，在文体上比较正式，在语气上比较客气。现代口语中常以Can I…代之。 C. may一般不用于反意疑问句，其反问部分用其他形式表示。 e.g. You may find the note at the bottom of page 21, couldn’t you 在二十一页下面找到注释，难道你找不到？ 表示祝愿，意思是：“祝……，（但愿）”。 e.g. May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。 表示推测，意思是：“可能（会），或许（会）”。 e.g. It may rain this evening. You’d better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好带上雨伞。 (D)动词+ 名词/ 代词 beg one′s pardon请原谅；对不起 do morning exercises做早操 It is a good habit to do morning exercises. 做早操是个好习惯。 It's necessary for you to do eye exercises every day.你有必要每天做眼保健操。 take /do physical exercise I advise you to take more physical exercise.我劝你还是多加锻炼。 do one′s homework做作业 enjoy oneself =have a good time过得快乐；玩得愉快 give a concert开音乐会 go boating去划船 go fishing去钓鱼 go swimming 游泳 go hiking去徒步旅行 go skating去滑冰 go shopping (去)买东西 go jogging慢跑 have a cold (患)感冒 have a cough (患)咳嗽 have a headache (患)头痛 have a try尝试；努力 have a look看一看 have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐；坐下 have a rest休息 have sports进行体育活动 have supper吃晚餐 hear of听说 make a noise吵闹 make a decision作出决定 make a mistake犯错误 hold a sports meeting举行运动会 make faces做鬼脸 make friends交朋友 make money赚钱 take photos照相 take time花费(时间) take turns轮流 take one′s place坐某人的座位；代替某人的职务 teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学 watch TV看电视 catch up with赶上 give birth to生(孩子) say good bye to告别；告辞 speak highly of称赞 take care of照顾；照料；注意 take an active part in积极参加 come up with找到；提出(答案、解决办法等) get on well with与......相处融洽 help yourself / yourselves to自取；随便吃 make room for给.....腾出地方 play a joke on戏弄人；对人恶作剧 be awake醒着的 be born出生 be busy doing忙着做 come true实现 do one′s best尽最大努力 fall asleep睡觉；入睡 go home回家 go on doing (sth.)继续做某事；尽力 go straight along 沿着...一直往前走 get married结婚 get together相聚 had better (do)最好(做...) keep doing sth.一直做某事 make sure确保；确认；查明 make up one′s mind下决心 1.(see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、like watching monkeys jump 感官动词)+do eg:I look at (比较级 and 比较级) 表示越来越怎么样 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 2.agree with sb 赞成某人 3.all kinds of 各种各样 4.a kind of 一样 5.all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 6.along with同…一道，伴随…eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 The students planted trees along with their teachers.学生同老师们一起种树 7.as soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 8.as you can see 你是知道的 9.ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 10.ask you for my book 11.ask sb for sth 向某人要什么 12. ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13. at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen. =I am at the age of sixteen. 14. at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15. at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day. 16. at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17. be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English. I feel confident that I can pass the test. 18. be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 I am watching now. I am going to the zoo tomorrow. 19. be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20. be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :She is able to sing. 21. be afraid to do /of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraid to go out at night. I'm afraid of dog. 22. be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV.我被允许看电视。 I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允许看电视。 23. be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me. 24. be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25. be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me. 她和我一样高。 26. be ashamed to对…感到羞耻 27. be away from 远离、从……离开 28. be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 29. be born 出生于 30. be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 31. be busy with sth 忙于…… 32. be careful 当心；小心 33. be different from…… 和什么不一样 34. be famous for 以……著名 35. be famous as 作为……著名 36 .be friendly to sb 对某人友好 37. be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing.= He comes from Bejing. Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 38. be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: The glass is full of water.=The glass is filled with water. 39. be glad to+do/从句 40. be going to + v(原） 将来时 41. be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 42. be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English. 43. be happy to do 很高兴做某事 44. be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处。 Exercising is helpful to your body. 锻炼对你的身体有好处。 45. be in good health 身体健康 46. be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble. They are in trouble. 47. be interested in 对某方面感兴趣 48. be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到 49. be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother. 50. be mad at 生某人的气 51. be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料) 52. be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 53. be not sure 表不确定 54. be on a visit to 参观 55. be popular with sb 受某人欢迎 56. be quiet 安静 57. be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 58. be sick in bed 生病在床 59. be sorry to do sth做某事很抱歉 be sorry for sb 跟某人道歉，跟某人说对不起 eg: I am sorry to trouble you. I am sorry for you. 60. be sorry to hear that很遗憾听到 61. be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you. 62. be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying rules. 63. be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with themselves 这些学生对自己不严格 64. be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 65. be supposed to do 被要求干什么 66. be sure 表确定 67. be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning. I am sure of learning English well. 68. be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师） 69. be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure that he can pass the test. 我相信他能通过考试。 70 .be sure to do sth一定会做某事 eg: We are sure to pass the test. 我们一定会通过这次考试。 We are sure to learn English well. 我们一定能学好英语。 71. be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 72. be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 73. be the same as … 和什么一样 74. be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early. 我爸爸习惯早。 He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉 75. be worth doing 值得做什么 76. be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事 be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句 77. because+句子 because of +短语 eg : He was late because he had a headache. He was late because of his headache. 78. begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么 eg : Let's begin the game with the song. I begin to go home. 79. between…and… 两者之间 80. borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him. He lent a pen to me. ( He lent me a pen.） 81. both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同 82. bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station. 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站 The problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 He's bothering me to lend him money 83. by the end of 到……为止 84.call sb sth eg : We call him old Wang. 85. catch up with sb 赶上某人 86. chat with sb 和某人闲谈 87. take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地 88. come in 进 89. come over to 过来 90. come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea? 你能想出一个好办法吗？ 91. communicate with sb 和某人交流 92. consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to Lu Zhou? 为什么不考虑去泸州？ 93. dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music. 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞 94. decide to do sth 决定做某事 95. do a survey of 做某方面的调查 96. do better in 在……方面做得更好 97. do wrong 做错 98. don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 99. Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意…… 100. each +名（单）每一个… eg : Each student has many books. 每一个学生都有一些书 101. end up +doing 102. 102. enjoy +doing喜欢 103. escape from 从……逃跑 eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison. 犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 104. expect to do sth 期待做某事 105. fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 106. fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么 107. far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home. 108. find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样 109. find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting. 110. finish 完成+doing（名词） 111. fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 112. forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home. I forget closing door. 113. from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her. 114. get a part-time job= find a part-time job 找到一份兼职工作 115. get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好 116. get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117. get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备 eg : I get ready for the math test.I am ready for the math test. 118. get sb into trouble 使某人陷入困境 119. get sb to do sth 使某人做某事 120. get…from… 从某处得到某物 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容